Impact of First World War on Russia and Germany Essay

Impact of First World War on Russia and Germany - Essay Example This was also the result of Russia being isolating itself and sending belligerent messages to the rest of the astounded world that was aghast with the termination of Tsars that led to their cold-blooded killing. The direct impact of world war started with the vast mobilisation of military and Russian population even in the farthest corners of Russia started dreading the outbreak of war with most of the able bodied men disappearing into the defence forces. Social impact of the military disasters between 1914 and 1915 was terrible for Russian population, who, till then, lived a rather deprived, but peaceful existence and most of the Russians were peasants in the far-flung areas of Russia1.There were war refugees accompanied by vast displacement of population as a result of Russian retreats in the first two years of war. It is said that more than one fifth of Russia's railway wagons were involved only in the work of evacuating people and other equipments in the summer of 1915. This had become very important to save the population from perishing in the hands of advancing Germany. More than half a million peasant households were displaced with disastrous effects. It was not easy to provide eithe r employment or basic necessities to these displaced people and rehabilitation when the country was losing the war was extremely difficult. Military reverses as in any other country, had direct impact on ordinary people of Russia. Farmers had to leave their land and livelihood and farm machinery and this means they had no ways of continuing farming. They were unsuitable for any other life and living without a roof over their heads in Russian winter was another major problem. There was widespread chaos and confusion combined with acute shortage of food and shelter almost leading to starvation. Naturally the government was unable to meet the expenses of refugees and running a full-blooded military campaign against Germany who had prepared for this war for years. Different sections of Russian society reacted in different ways, no doubt. But all of them showed understandable desperation of not knowing when the war would end. Refugees had no idea when they would be able to return home. Educated sections of the society and the intellectuals were getting more and more alienated from the government. From hindsight it is difficul t not to sympathise with the government which was under enormous stress and strain of protecting the land from the enemy attack, facing the weather conditions, clothing and keeping the soldiers armed and happy and facing the internal upheaval of a ruined economy, though the Russian elite remained committed to somehow achieving victory in the ongoing war. There are also indications that other than the military, civil administration was uncooperative in the war efforts and this slowly created rift in the ranks and lines of educated society. Government had been unable to mobilise public opinion in favour of the war it had been fighting. People were more concerned about losing their homes and hearths and were worried about their livelihoods than about the real war. Their minds were full of the hardships and difficulties they were facing with their families and ideologies did not worry them much, faced with enormous problems which did not seem to end.

Personal Knowledge Management Journey Assignment

Personal Knowledge Management Journey - Assignment Example through experience or association (2) acquaintance with or understanding of a science, art, or technique (3) the fact or condition of being aware of something or, (4) the range of ones information or understanding the fact or condition of having information or of being learned†. Scholar Barry Allen (1999) clarifies, having knowledge â€Å"is to have the privilege of making a statement pass among others as known or true†¦speech acts are dialogical, intersubjective exchanges with reciprocal effects on many speakers. Knowledge has its object (what is known) and its â€Å"other,† the person whom it is offered and received as knowledge, passing over the other as â€Å"truth† (Allen, 1999, p. 71). So it seems that knowledge generation goes through a process. A person engages in certain habits of thinking when faced with a certain problem. Costa & Kallick (2007) define a problem as any stimulus, question, task, phenomenon or discrepancy for which an explanation is not known immediately. That means, a certain amount of knowledge should be on hand to help him out or else, such knowledge must be available to him soon so as to be able to solve his problem. Costa and Kallick term certain behaviors or dispositions for such problem-solving as â€Å"habits of mind†. They qualify that a habit of mind is having the appropriate disposition toward behaving intelligently when confronted with problems which do not have answers as of yet, at least for the person concerned. When a person draws on his own habits of mind, he gains results which are more powerful, of higher quality and greater significance that if he does not use such habits. In my personal journey seeking for knowledge, I do get to engage in certain habits of mind as I go through the four dimensions of knowledge management, namely: the analytical, information, social and learning dimensions. In each dimension, I shall share what I have learned from others about each as well as how I go through each dimension, from

I have chosen to look at the Death Penalty in America. Each state in Research Paper

I have chosen to look at the Death Penalty in America. Each state in the US has a different view on what is and what is not a ca - Research Paper Example The execution of those who have committed capital offenses varies from country to country depending on the laws in place and in America it varies from state to state. Some states like Wisconsin, Michigan, New Jersey, Hawaii and the District of Columbia have already abolished the use of death penalty while states like California, Georgia, Florida, North and South Carolina, and Texas among others still enact the practice (Galliher et al. 6). According to (Berkowitz, 66), capital punishment has been in use for many years, since the time of King Hammurabi, as well as during the Roman Empire. However, it has spurred a lot of controversies along political, judicial and moral lines. The proponents of the death penalty argue that it deters crime especially homicide but researchers have over the years established that even though the punishment continues to be imposed, the states that have long abolished the practice have lower rates of murder than those that continue to use it (Morrison, 201 1). This begs the question whether death penalty really deters crime. Criminologists argue that death penalty is necessary as it’s a preventive social measure however, religious leaders belief in sanctity of life thus making intentional killing immoral. On the other hand, the offenders are given a chance to defend themselves and appeal before being sentenced to death though this does not prevent innocent people from being convicted. The constitution of many states also seems to offer too much protection to the accused person which then raises the question whether this contributes to further crime. The paper will discuss the various states that support death penalty and those that do not as well as the pros and cons on the death penalty and why it should not be adopted by every state. History of Death Penalty Death penalty is not a new phenomenon as it was in existence as early a 10th century A.D in Britain where criminals were punished by hanging (Herrmann, 4). Later, they we re punished by burning and beheading among other cruel means. The first person to be executed in USA was Captain George Kendall for being a spy for Spain in 1608. Nowadays, more means of execution which are more humane have been put in place such as use of lethal injection, electric chair, and gas chamber. Under the 8th amendment on the constitution, death penalty is prohibited as it is cruel and unusual but some states still enforce it. The offenders in early times did not have many protections as they do now. A death row inmate can have his/her sentence reduced to life imprisonment if s/he can prove that the sentence was racially discriminatory (Death Penalty Information Center). The convicts are also provided with defense attorneys, investigators and experts and the jury and the judge have to be qualified. They are also entitled to make appeals which are paid for using tax payers’ money. Besides, some states protect the women and the mentally retarded as well as the juveni les against such punishment. In the past, a convict was executed without delay unlike nowadays where the process is too lengthy and those convicted are rarely executed as they die of natural causes before execution; the time between conviction and execution is 25yrs hence convicts have ample time to appeal (DPIC). In the past offenders were executed for committing crimes such as; murder, treason, and drug trafficking. Many states nowadays execute the offenders for committing first degree murder although some states are calling for

RIVERS AND ETHINIC'S 3WA Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

RIVERS AND ETHINIC'S 3WA - Article Example The above is evident in situation that life was saved and afterwards, the same patients wonder why that is pertinent to him or her (Burkhardt, 2008.p.12). Having put that across, it is pertinent for every nurse to realize the important of his or her decision to the patients. The responsibility of the nurses is that they are expected to be altruistic. The above means that nursing professionals should have ethical obligation by serving others without considering self-interest. According to experts, they affirm that an altruistic nurse will only make decision that interests the patients. It follows that, being an advocate to the patient, it is important for the nurses to practice excellent nursing ethnics. Now days, with the improvised and modern technology, nurses can keep individuals alive indefinitely, argues Colleen Moore. Despite of the ability to keep a patient alive indefinitely, to some extent the same may not be a good idea to the patients themselves. Some of the difficult ques tions that the medics ask themselves is that, despite of exposing patients on a life supporting machine, pump nutrients in them and hook them up in several tubes, is that a patients ‘ best option?. ... As nursing, it is necessary that the above decision be respected even if there is a chance of saving the life. Further, another challenge is that some patients may refuse to receive chemotherapy and it is important to respect that decision (Aiken, 1994. p.24). The book acknowledges the fact that sometimes family can make decisions due to lack of understanding or grief. Here, if the above dilemma arises that is when a strong committee of ethnics can be invaluable service. The article further outlines that committee on ethnics can primarily make decisions that best suits the patient despite of the different cultural beliefs of the patients, the expected outcomes and the wishes of the patients (Hunt, 1996.p. 14). It is surprising to note that to some extent the ethical committee can take off the large burden that the family as well, as patient is going through. With the above in minds, it is important to note that nurse practice act and code of ethnics are vital guidelines governing the behaviors of the nurses though the documents are not specific. Here, the document has limitations to extent that one cannot know wrong or right and so, the above is a decision left for the nurses to decide for themselves. In general, it is important to know that ethnics is something that encompasses the interpretation of the individuals, since it is based on the individual values and morals. Therefore, the article concludes that despite of the availability of NPA and Code, it is pertinent for the nurses to follow their own decision basing on the interest of the patients. Another pertinent article is the nursing ethical dilemmas. Here, Cathy Fant insinuates that nurses usually face

Jami jensen Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jami jensen - Case Study Example As such, there are certain laws that can be applied in order to address this particular issue. The Sexual Harassment Policy that is administered by the US department of state can be applied to this case. This policy clearly outlines all the actions that constitute sexual harassment such as sexually suggestive behaviour, behaviour towards a co-worker as well as conditional terms of employment where a senior person for instance seeks to gain sexual benefits from the other employee. In this case, the Sexual Harassment Policy can be invoked by the responsible authorities in order to make sure that this kind of treatment to Jensen is solved. This policy is designed to protect the victims of sexual harassment. When a complaint about sexual harassment by the other co-worker is made to the Department of State, an investigation will be carried out and the offender may be disciplined for the bad behaviour. The penalty for committing this crime often varies depending with the seriousness of the offence. When the crime is too big, the offender can even be fired from work. In some cases, the perpetrator can be reprimanded or asked to pay damages to the victim. The sexual harassment policy is designed in such a way that it protects the interests of all employees in the organization without fear or favour. This policy is also color blind in that it seeks to protect all the employees in the company regardless of their skin color, creed or belief. In this case, the VP is taking advantage of Jensen by virtue of her skin color. The fact that she is dark does not entitle the VP to advance his sexual interests towards her since this is a serious crime. In the US, sexual discrimination on the basis of skin color is a serious offence and it can be noted that the VP is committing a crime by exposing his sexual desires towards Miss Jensen. Ethically, the VP should behave in a way which befits his status in the organization. This will also go a long way in building the much needed respe ct from the co-workers. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (1964) can also be applied to this case since it is designed to protect the interests of all people regardless of their race or creed. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission enforces this law in the US. As noted in this case, Jensen is a light olive skinned black woman from Atlanta and this may be the reason why she is sexually harassed. The sexual harasser seeks to take advantage of her race to gain sexual favours in return for securing her job in the company. The other issue in this case is that her contract is not written and she is not offered salary that is similar to other co-workers. This shows that there is a sinister motive by the VP to take advantage of Jensen by virtue of her race and sex. The other law that can be applied in such a case is the Equal Pay Act of 1963. Once a person has been offered a job, then he or she is entitled to get pay that is equal to other co-workers that are doing the same job with hi m or her. It can be noted that Jensen accepts the employment offer even though the salary is different from other employees. The Equal Pay Act is meant to protect people like Jensen since they also have rights like any other employee in the company. Jensen also goes against the wishes of the VP to attend to her family and she is demoted from the position she has been elevated to. She also loses her salary since it is slashed to $40Â  000 a year. However, she is promised that she can get a

The Scarlet Letter Compared to the 21st Century Essay Example for Free

The Scarlet Letter Compared to the 21st Century Essay â€Å"Darkness cannot drive out darkness, only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate, only love can do that†- Martin Luther King Jr. The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a story that proves how far the love of a mother will go for their child. Hawthorne inspired a literature story that pushes the human soul past its own limits. The Scarlet Letter Demonstrates how the human spirit, in both Hester Prynne’s Puritan culture and in the lives of 21st century citizens is resilient. To begin, Nathaniel Hawthorne shows how morals in a human life can affect more than one person. A person could take it in many possible ways either being a negative or positive way. A negative way it could be taken is if a reader could compare it to a dictator’s harsh ways against a culture that he might not like. His own morals would force his people look down upon a group of people like for an example; North Korean citizens’ hates American people because their dictator has forced them to gain hatred against them even though America tried to help them. â€Å"if the United States did not end its hostile policy, the North would expand the deterrent, demonstrate it and transfer it.†(Green). North Korea has threatened America with using missiles like Hester Prynne being to have her child taken away. Another example that has bad moral standards would be genocides that are being committed all the over the world. It is a sickening movement that leaders use those actions to justify things that would make no sense to the â€Å"normal† human being because it just takes humanity back to their primal instinct of mammal to kill or be killed. Even so, there are also good morals that people follow each day to also bring back a peaceful resolution to the world. A leading point into this is that people like Martin Luther King Jr. shows how just one person’s moral can change people hatred in their hearts against a race to having love for a random stranger knowing they will be judged by the color of their skin. Hester Prynne, the main character, exposed many noble morals in the sense of that she never judged anyone else and it is not because she was an outcast but she didn’t need to worry about the things people say about her. Hawthorne creates a character that even though she gets judged, not once did she commit herself to fight other puritans. If the reader uses those same standards in reality, they will become a better person and that is one main theme that Nathaniel is trying to teach using Hester as gateway to it. To continue, Hawthorne displays that a mothers love will always be there for their child. Hester Prynne endures agony each day to protect not just herself but also her daughter Pearl. Hawthorne writes how much Hester has to go through to protect even while being an outcast and knowing how Pearl will be looked down by the community because she is the daughter of women who had an affair during her marriage. An example that can be used to prove it is that an Indiana mother lost parts of both her legs as she tried to protect her children from a tornado that hit her home. She risked her life for the safety of her own child. It shows how a mother risks all of herself to protect her children even if it cost body limps. That mother had the mentality to risk everything to ensure that her child would be saved and knowing that she might not make it but could careless because it is that same love that proves a mother is practically one of the best things that can to child even though sometimes the mother may not be great. Another example would be is when a Hispanic mother stayed at church after she found out she was to be deported. It’s a connection to the story because the mom didn’t want to leave her child even though the government wanted to deport her. Its’ a connection to story because it demonstrates how a mother defies law that everyone is supposed to go by just to try stay with her son because he is a big part of her life and doesn’t want to change it. The last example would be that a mother in Oklahoma shot two robbers to protect her child. She killed the men that tried to rob her family and she had the instinct to protect her young ones from any harmful actions that could have risked their safety. Hester Prynne risked her own life by being mocked each day by the community because she didn’t want to bring forward the father’s name out to public. Lastly, Hawthorne exhibits how no matter how much a person gets tormented they will always find a way that is stronger. Hester endures punishment after punishment to hold her secret in. A particular case that shows how much person can handle would be the holocaust. Jews were executed by man who was pure evil hearted and had twisted mind. â€Å"As the production of line of a slaughter-house, members of the SS†¦ Put them to death with a shot through the base of the skull.† (William 31) Yet, they survived all the hardships they had to go through, they had to face gas chambers, labor camps, and being shot down when getting off trains. The holocaust was one of the most gruesome genocide Jews to gain power over a group of people who did not really do anything. As a reader, The Scarlet Letter should be used to look at every aspect in life even if it is the past. Nathaniel describes how Hester had to scrap away at people because she committed a horrible crime to the puritan community. â€Å"There was a more real torture in her first unattended footsteps from the threshold of the prison† (Hawthorne 75). People get thrown to deepest holes in life but everyone has the will to fight for their life’s and does not matter what the situation is. The Holocaust and Hester Prynne â€Å"Darkness cannot drive out darkness, only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate, only love can do that†- Martin Luther King Jr. The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a verified story how faraway the love of a mother would go for their child. Hawthorne inspired a literature story that pushed the human soul past its own limits. The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne shows how standards in a human life can affect more than one person, that a mothers love will always be there for their child and no matter how considerable a person gets tormented they will always find a way that is stronger.

Patient Refusal Of Treatment Nursing Essay

Patient Refusal Of Treatment Nursing Essay I dont want to be treated, Alice Nuvo said in the scenario 6. She is a woman who was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and that has a very low percentage of survival for another year, even with the best treatment. Just give me something to control the pain and let me go home- she said. In this scenario we will talk about autonomy, which is typically defined as self-determination and refers to the ability of competent individuals to make decisions over their own lives. In order for autonomy to be meaningful, a competent individuals decisions should be respected even when those decisions conflict with what others believe to be reasonable. Over the last few decades, respect for autonomy has come to be recognized as a fundamental principle of Bioethics. In general, a patients autonomy should be respected even if the patient decides not to follow a doctors or health care teams advice. Respect for autonomy has helped to redefine the physician-patient relationship as patients have become more active participants in making health care decisions. Traditionally, the physician played a more paternalistic role in that he/she would largely decide for the patient what the best course of action would be. But now days the patient should not be coerced into making a health care decision, meaning that the patient should not be forced against his/her wishes into making a choice. The patients decision must be voluntary. The basic starting point for ethical analysis in health care, is the encounter between the patient and the health care professional. This relationship is shaped by the goals of that encounter, both the goals that health care professional has and the goals that the patient has. The goals of medicine, which guide the goals of all health care professionals, are: to prevent, cure, slow down or arrest the development of an illness; to stabilize a satisfactory condition; or to relieve the distressing symptoms of illness. It is important to note that these goals are more than simply seeking a cure, and are certainly not focused on seeking to preserve or prolong life at all costs. It is also important to recognize that it is not necessarily possible to meet all of these goals all of the time. The other person in the encounter is the patient, who also has her or his own goals, both health and broader goals in life, as well as values and preferences. Each person forms her or his own conception of what is a good life. This means each person has the freedom to act to put the choices that arise from that conception into effect. Everyone else must respect the space a person needs in which to do this. This is the basis of autonomy. However, autonomy is not an end in itself, but a means whereby a person takes responsibility for her or his own life. In health care, autonomy can be expressed in this way: the patient is the source of the health care professionals right to treat her or him. More specifically the patient has the right to choose to accept or refuse treatment that is offered or choose between different options. The important thing to remember is that the patient will consider her or his goals in life, will act upon her or his values and preferences as well as the medical facts in making such a decision, and all of these must be respected. In many situations the patients decision is not questioned. Decisions have been challenged when the choice does not seem reasonabl e to the health care professionals or others, generally it is challenged by questioning the competence of the patient, which we are not going to question in this particular case of Alice Nuvo. A patients decision to accept or refuse life-sustaining treatment needs to come out of a reflection on the usefulness and reasonableness of such treatment. Treatment has to be reasonable, this means that it has to be effective and that the benefits need to be in proportion to the burden for the patient of undergoing the treatment. There are two aspects of the refusal of life-sustaining treatment. The goals of medicine establish the purposes of treatment. It is not always possible to meet all of the goals, and at times may only be possible to relieve the distressing symptoms of illness. It is not a goal of medicine to prolong the dying process. The second aspect of any decision to forgo treatment is the patients right to choose whether or not to accept such treatment, even if the treatment has a reasonable chance of being effective. A person who is terminally ill is someone for whom there is no further curative treatment, like Alice Nuvo has no further CURATIVE treatment. Therefore, the only goal that it may be possible to meet is that of relieving symptoms. However, the point at which treatment is ceased and the decision made to forgo resuscitation varies with each patient. One person may wish to remain alive long enough to see a grandchild married. Another person may wish to spend the last weeks of life with close family members without suffering the debilitating side effects of chemotherapy. Id rather spend the remaining time with my husband and two daughters then die in the peace, instead of puking up my guts in some hospital Alice Nuvo said. After all this being said, the fact that refusal of any life-sustaining treatment is not to be equated with a slow, passive suicide, the person is not choosing to die. Rather she or he is choosing other goals, in line with her or his conception of a good life. In each case death is accepted as a foreseen, possible side effect of such a choice, but it is not directly chosen. Decisions regarding life-sustaining treatment are complex. Such decisions made by patients are based on a balancing of the benefits and burden of any such treatment and will include the goals, values and preferences that the patient has. But sometimes doctor thinks patient is making the wrong decision, how far should he go to try to persuade her or him to accept the treatment? Patient autonomy does not allow the health care provider to make the decision for the patient, but it does allow providers to educate the patient. It requires of health care providers that they respect patients by providing accurate and complete information that gives patient understanding of positive and negative sides of treatment.